HISTOPATHOLOGY: PRACTICE 1

                        SINGLE BEST OPTION SERIES

         INSTRUCTION: SELECT THE SINGLE BEST OPTION
 

1.         Which of the following is incorrect about the heart?
   a.       The heart is about 0.4 to 0.5% of body weight.
   b.      Majority of cardiovascular deaths worldwide occur in developing countries
   c.       The normal ventricular myocytes are arranged circumferentially in a vertical orientation.
   d.      The contractile unit of the myocardium is the sarcomere
   e.      Atrial natriuretic peptide produce beneficial effects in heart failure
   2.       The following are usual changes in the aging heart except:
   a.       Sigmoid-shaped ventricular septum
   b.      Decreased tortuosity of the epicardial coronary arteries
   c.       Increased subepicardial fat
   d.      Decreased of the left ventricular cavity
   e.      Mitral valve annular calcific deposits
   3.       Which of the following is incorrect about the heart?
   a.       Cardiac myocytes rely almost exclusively on oxidative phosphorylation which requires oxygen, hence extremely vulnerable to ischaemia
   b.      Many old persons develop Lambl excrescence on the closure lines of aortic and mitral valves.
   c.       The elderly myocardium has fewer myocytes compared with younger individuals
   d.      Most cardiac failures are systolic dysfunction.
   e.      None of the above
   4.       Which of the following is incorrect about pathophysiologic mechanisms in heart failure?
   a.       There is decreased functional cross-bridge formation within sarcomeres.
   b.      Release of nor-epinephrine by adrenergic cardiac nerves.
   c.       Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
   d.      Release of atrial natriuretic peptides
   e.      Ventricular remodelling.
   5.       Which of the following is incorrect about exercise and the heart?
   a.       Long distance running tends to be associated with volume-load hypertrophy
   b.      In long distance aerobic exercise, cardiac hypertrophy is accompanied by decreased capillary density which is beneficial.
   c.       Aerobic exercise may cause decrease in resting heart rate and blood pressure.
   d.      Weightlifting may have deleterious effects on the heart.
   e.      Aerobic exercise is better for the heart compare to static exercise like weightlifting.
   6.       Which of the following is not a usual feature of left-sided heart failure?
   a.       Cough
   b.      Dyspnoea
   c.       Orthopnoea
   d.      Hypoxic encephalopathy
   e.      None of the above
   7.       Which of the following is incorrect about left-sided heart failure?
   a.       There is decongestion of pulmonary circulation
   b.      Hypoperfusion of tissues leading to organ dysfunction occurs
   c.       Diastolic heart failure is more common in women
   d.      In diastolic heart failure, cardiac output is relatively preserved during exercise
   e.      Obesity and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for diastolic heart failure.
   8.       Morphological changes of left-sided heart failure include the following except:
   a.       Hypertrophied and often dilated left ventricle.
   b.      Myocyte hypertrophy
   c.       Left atrial dilation
   d.      In failure caused by mitral valve stenosis, the left ventricle is often hypertrophied.
   e.      There may be a variable degree of interstitial fibrosis.
   9.       In patients with heart failure, heart failure cells are usually found in the:
   a.       Left ventricle of the heart
   b.      Alveolar spaces in the lungs
   c.       Corticomedullary junctions in the kidney
   d.      Centrilobular part of the liver
   e.      Bone marrow
   10.   The following are the usual findings in the lungs of a patient with heart failure except:
   a.       Heavy wet lungs
   b.      Perivascular and interstitial oedema, particularly in the interlobular septa
   c.       Progressive oedematous constriction of the alveolar septa
   d.      Alveolar oedema
   e.      Haemosiderin-laden macrophages.
   
   
   
   
   ANSWERS:
   1. a
   2. b
   3. e
   4. a
   5. b
   6. e
   7. a
   8. d
   9. b
   10. c
   
   
                                           REMEMBER
   ” Some people sin by not working diligently for six days whereas, others – because of greed, unbelief or powerlessness- sin by working also on a day of rest and worship. Either way of breaking this   command results in poverty.”   By  Vishal Mangalwadi.